DJs often think quite hard about what they’re going to play beforehand—but like Kool Herc, a good one will switch it up according to how the crowd is reacting in real time on the dancefloor. Think of this schedule of readings in the same light. Note also that I regularly make announcements in class, typically at the beginning of the period, about what’s coming next.
Week 1 – Introduction: Hip-Hop & the Academy
W 1/25 What do we gain from the academic study of hip-hop? And what do academics typically get wrong about hip-hop?
- Ground Rules for the Classroom
- Benedict Carey, ‘In Music, Others’ Tastes May Help Shape Your Own’, New York Times (14 February 2006)
- Audio: ‘How to Listen to Music in 4 Easy Steps’, Switched on Pop 50.
Week 2 – Hip-Hop History: DJing and MCing
M 1/30 What’s the difference between rap and hip-hop music?
- Bill Brewster and Frank Broughton, ‘Hip-Hop Roots: Adventures on the Wheels of Steel’, in Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey (Grove Press, 2006)
- Audio: Rich Nice, Merry Go Round Mix (11 August 2020)
W 2/1 Is hip-hop inherently political?
- Bill Brewster and Frank Broughton, ‘Hip-Hop: Planet Rock’, in Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey (Grove Press, 2006)
- Audio: Afrika Bambaataa & the Soul Sonic Force, ‘Planet Rock’ (1982)
- Video: DJ Jazzy Jay | Crate Diggers | Fuse (10 October 2012). Jazzy Jay was one of Zulu Nation’s main DJs, was the co-founder of Def Jam Records, and is one of hip-hop’s great storytellers. keywords: crate digging; sacred crates.
Week 3 – Hip-Hop History: Dance
M 2/6 What’s African about hip-hop dance?
- Jeff Chang, ‘Zulus on a Time Bomb: Hip-Hop Meets the Rockers Downtown’, in Forman and Neal (2012)
- Audio: TBA
- Video: TBA
W 2/8 How have various kinds of mass media influenced the evolution of hip-hop dance?
- Jorge ‘Popmaster Fabel’ Pabon, ‘Physical Graffiti: The History of Hip-Hop Dance’, in Jeff Chang, ed., Total Chaos: The Art and Aesthetics of Hip-Hop (BasicBooks, 2006). Also reprinted in Forman and Neal (2012).
- Audio: Dennis Coffey and the Detroit Guitar Band, ‘Scorpio’ (1971)
- Video: Wild Style (Charlie Ahearn, 1982). We’ll watch this movie in class, but I encourage you to look at it a few times. You can view this movie for free using the hyperlink in the title.
Week 4 – Hip-Hop History: Visual Arts
M 2/13 NO CLASS
W 2/15 Did graffiti survive its move to the galleries?
- Review: Jeff Chang, ‘Zulus on a Time Bomb: Hip-Hop Meets the Rockers Downtown’, in Forman and Neal (2012). This time, focus on the sections on graffiti.
- Audio: Sugar Hill Gang, ‘Rapper’s Delight’ (1979). In many ways, we can interpret Wild Style as an attempt to correct the historical record: ‘Rapper’s Delight’ was seen by hip-hop insiders as a cooptation from outside ‘the culture’; the filmmakers sought to show its audience what ‘authentic’ hip-hop was all about. It hardly seems accidental, for example, that Grandmaster Flash caps the climactic bandshell party jam by cutting up Chic’s ‘Good Times’, the song that was interpolated for the beat to ‘Rapper’s Delight’.
- Video: Wild Style (Charlie Ahearn, 1982)
Week 5 – Hip-Hop Historiography
M 2/20 NO CLASS
T 2/21 How do we separate history from mythology?
- Alex Gale, The Oral History of “Wild Style”, Complex (2013). Note: I advise watching the movie to the end before reading this.
- Audio: TBA
- Video: Wild Style (Charlie Ahearn, 1982), cont’d
W 2/22 Did hip-hop really begin in the Bronx?
- Nelson George, ‘Hip-Hop’s Founding Fathers Speak the Truth’, in Forman and Neal (2012); also available in Forman and Neal (2004)
- Audio: The Incredible Bongo Band, ‘Apache’ (1973)
- Video: Founding Fathers: The Untold Story of Hip-Hop (Ron Lawrence and Hassan Pore, 2009)
Week 6 – Hip-Hop Historiography, cont’d
M 2/27 Did the ‘founding fathers’ really create something out of nothing?
- Shamus Khan, ‘The New Elitists’, New York Times (7 July 2012)
- Jennifer Lynn Stoever, ‘Crate Digging Begins at Home: Black and Latinx Women Collecting and Selecting Records in the 1960s and 1970s Bronx’, in Justin D. Burton and Jason Lee Oakes, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Hip-Hop Music (2018)
- Video: Afrika Bambaataa | Crate Diggers | Fuse (13 August 2014)
- Audio: Your ‘Home Soundscape’, The Brian Lehrer Show (5 October 2022). Kathryn Jezer-Morton, writer of The Cut’s Brooding newsletter, joins to discuss her latest newsletter about music in the home and how it can be used to expand a sense of belonging, and takes listener calls on what they play in their homes.
W 3/1 What defines a hip-hop classic?
- Andrew Nosnitsky, ‘Classic Material’, Pitchfork (19 November 2012)
- Audio: Nas, Illmatic (1993)
- Video: Kendrick Lamar: Good Kid, m.A.A.d. Classic (21 October 2017). This week’s piece delves into the overrated concept that time is a factor when judging a classic. For a dissenting view on hip-hop classicism…
Week 7 – Writing and the Rhetoric of Rap: MCing
M 3/6 What can the study of linguistics teach us about the language of hip-hop?
- H. Samy Alim, ‘“Bring It to the Cypher”: Hip-Hop Nation Language’, in Forman and Neal (2012)
- Audio: Chief Rocker Busy Bee Starski vs. Kool Moe Dee of The Treacherous Three (Harlem World, 1981)
- Video: The Art of Diss: The History of Battle Rap (2023)
W 3/8 What can the study of poetics teach us about rap lyricism?
- Adam Bradley, ‘The Artists Dismantling the Barriers Between Rap and Poetry’, The New York Times Style Magazine (4 March 2021). Hip-hop MCs embracing poetry, hip-hop generation poets influenced by hip-hop. Plus the Third Way of spoken-word poetry, or poetry as live performance. And the role of women of colour in creating all this synergy.
- Audio: Adam Bradley, ‘American Poets on the Hip-Hop Songs That Most Inspire Them’, New York Times (4 March 2021). To complement T’s recent feature on how the barrier between rap and poetry is becoming increasingly porous thanks to a new generation of practitioners in both art forms, we asked a number of poets mentioned in the piece about the hip-hop songs they return to again and again. (These excerpts from interviews with various poets shouldn’t be read apart from the embedded Spotify playlist, ‘A Playlist from the Poets’.)
- Video: ‘Rapping, deconstructed: The best rhymers of all time’, Vox (19 May 2016)
Week 8 – Rap and the Rhetoric of Authenticity
M 3/13 How can we come up with a thesis, and what is the mark of a good one?
- Murray S. Davis, ‘That’s Interesting! Towards a Phenomenology of Sociology and a Sociology of Phenomenology’, Philosophy of the Social Sciences (1971)
- Audio: TBD
- Video: Robert Glasper: “Jazz is the mother of hip-hop” | JAZZ NIGHT IN AMERICA (19 April 2017). An example of a clearly stated, interesting thesis—and one that’s EXTREMELY debatable.
W 3/15 What do we mean when we talk about ‘authenticity’ in hip-hop?
- Kembrew McLeod, ‘Authenticity Within Hip-Hop and Other Cultures Threatened With Assimilation’ (password-protected PDF), in Forman and Neal (2012)
- Audio: TBA
- Video: Adam Neely, ‘Why Are There So Few Cover Rap Songs?’ (22 September 2022)
Week 9 – Hip-Hop Politics: Conscious Rap
M 3/20 If hip-hop is protest music, why did so many conscious rappers support the patriarchy?
- Paul Gilroy, ‘It’s a Family Affair’ (password-protected PDF), in Neal and Forman (2012)
- Audio: ‘Allah B of the Nation of Gods and Earths’, The Cipher Show 151 (18 April 2016). Peace! We trace the history of the Nation of Gods and Earths – and its influence on hip-hop – with one of its earliest members.
- Video: An Overview of Afrocentricity with Dr Molefi Kete Asante, AfricentricTV (4 July 2021)
W 3/22 If hip-hop is protest music, why is there so much gaybashing?
- Mychal Denzel Smith, ‘Confessions of a Conscious Rap Fan’, Pitchfork (28 June 2022)
- Audio: ‘Kendrick Lamar’s Anxiety Era’, Popcast (24 May 2022)
- Video: ‘Do the Knowledge’, Hip-Hop Evolution S2E3 (2018)
Week 10 – Race, Space, & Place: Hip-Hop’s Cognitive Mapping
M 3/27 Where does keepin’ it real go wrong?
- Murray Forman, ‘Represent: Race, Space, and Place in Rap Music’, (password-protected PDF) in Forman and Neal (2012)
- Audio: TBA
- Video: TBA
W 3/29 Was gangsta rap the real conscious rap?
- Davarian Baldwin, ‘Black Empires, White Desires: The Spatial Politics of Identity in the Age of Hip-Hop’, (password-protected PDF) in Forman and Neal (2012)
- Audio: TBA
- Video: TBA
Week 11 – Gender Politics
M 4/3 What do feminists hear when they listen to hip-hop?
- Tricia Rose, ‘Never Trust a Big Butt and a Smile’, in Forman and Neal (2004)
- Joan Morgan, ‘Hip-Hop Feminist’, in Forman and Neal (2012)
- Audio: ‘Saweetie, City Girls, and the Female Rapper Renaissance’, Popcast (29 November 2020)
- Video: TBA
W 4/5 NO CLASS (Spring Break)
Week 12 – SPRING BREAK
M 4/10 NO CLASS (Spring Break)
W 4/12 NO CLASS (Spring Break)
Week 13 – Race & Cultural Appropriation
M 4/17 Is cultural appropriation always a bad thing?
- Gilbert B. Rodman, ‘Race … and Other Four-Letter Words: Eminem and the Cultural Politics of Authenticity’ (password-protected PDF), in Forman and Neal (2012)
- Jaeah Lee, ‘This Rap Song Helped Sentence a 17-Year-Old to Prison for Life’, New York Times (30 March 2022)
- Audio: TBD
- Video: Adam Neely, ‘Scotch Snaps in Hip-Hop’ (11 March 2019)
W 4/19 What exactly is ‘dirty’ about the ‘Dirty South’?
- Matt Miller, ‘Rap’s Dirty South: From Subculture to Pop Culture’, (password-protected PDF) in Forman and Neal (2012)
- Audio: TBD
- Video: ‘How the triplet flow took over rap’, Vox (15 September 2017)
Week 14 – Sampling, Chopping, & Screwing: Or, the Genius of DJ Screw & J Dilla
M 4/24 Is DJ Screw really to blame for Drake?
- Andrew Nosnitsky, ‘Gray Matters’, Pitchfork (4 March 2013). On the legacy of Houston’s DJ Screw—possibly the most influential hip-hop DJ of this century—and how his impact goes way beyond simply slowing things down.
- Audio: ‘Big Floyd and the Rise of Houston Chopped N Screwed Music’, Switched on Pop (9 June 2020)
W 4/26 Can you own a chord?
- Thomas G. Schumacher, ‘“This Is a Sampling Sport”: Digital Sampling, Rap Music, and the Law in Cultural Production’, in Forman and Neal (2004)
- Audio: TBD
- Video: Adam Neely, ‘The Grotesque Legacy of Music as Property’ (10 November 2022)
Week 15 – Sampling, cont’d
M 5/1 What’s creative about using other people’s records?
- Andrew Bartlett, ‘Airshafts, Loudspeakers, and the Hip-Hop Sample’. In Forman and Neal (2004; 2012)
- Audio: TBD
- Video: ‘How J Dilla Humanized His MPC3000’, Vox Earworm (6 December 2017)
W 5/3 How much can we read into an artist’s sampling choices?
- Joseph Schloss, ‘Sampling Ethics’ (password-protected PDF), in Forman and Neal (2012)
- Audio: ‘Kendrick Lamar and the big samples’ (2022)
- Video: TBD
Week 16 – Hip-Hop, Commodification, and the Culture Industries
M 5/8 Is J Dilla really to blame for the lo-fi hip-hop phenomenon?
- Amanda Petrusich, ‘Against Chill: Apathetic Music to Make Spreadsheets to’, New Yorker (10 April 2019)
- Audio: ‘Why Lo-Fi Is the Perfect Background Music’ Switched on Pop (19 May 2020)
- Video: ‘How J Dilla Humanized His MPC3000’, Vox Earworm (6 December 2017)
W 5/10 CONCLUSIONS (Last Day of Class) When the money talks, what is there to say?
- Interviews: Andrew Nosnitsky’, lebronjames.co (August 2018)
- Audio: ‘Young Thug Gets His Due, But Is It Too Late?’, Popcast (6 September 2019)
- Video: TBD
Final Exam Period
W 5/17 (note: 3:30pm-5:30pm)
- TBD
- Audio: TBD
- Video: TBD
REFERENCES
Forman, Murray, and Mark Anthony Neal. 2012. That’s the Joint! The Hip-Hop Studies Reader, 2nd Ed. New York: Routledge
Forman, Murray, and Mark Anthony Neal. 2004. That’s the Joint! The Hip-Hop Studies Reader, 1st Ed. New York: Routledge.